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Botulinum toxin (BoNT) for depression: A review of the mechanism of action and its potential place as an adjuvant treatment

BoNT is becoming a recognised efficient treatment for depression, endorsed by several disciplines including psychiatry. Clare Amrani examines the potential mechanism of action and explores the appropriate place of BoNT in the therapeutic armamentarium for depression. How did BoNT become...

How I Do It - Treating the lower face with HA fillers in elderly patients

Facial rejuvenation treatment of the lower third of the face with hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers in elderly patients can result in the development of fibrous tissue especially after several procedures have been performed. Many patients present with concerns over the...

Evidence based review of management for common head and neck cancers

As part of the PRS evidence based review series, this well written review summarises the up-to-date knowledge regarding the surgical and non-surgical management of the common facial skin cancers. The review is limited to BCC, SCC, MM and Merkel Cell...

All about velopharyngeal dysfunction

The velopharynx functionally separates the oral from the nasal cavities. Inadequate or abnormal function of this muscular valve affects speech and swallow. Velopharyngeal dysfunction can be subdivided into insufficiency, incompetence and mislearning. This is a review paper and indeed a...

Hyposalivation in the oral cavity

This article is a comprehensive but succinct look at the effects of hyposalivation secondary to Sjogren's syndrome in the oral cavity. These publications are divided into dental manifestations, oral mucosal manifestations and other oral manifestations. The authors discuss caries, gingivitis,...

Gross Negligence Manslaughter in Healthcare: The medico-legal dilemma (part 4)

I want to return to the case of Dr Mak, who was, from the available evidence, caught up in a miscarriage of justice that arose because of a lack of effective interprofessional communication in the legal process.

Is columellar strut necessary in primary rhinoplasty

This article debates the role of a columellar strut graft through the retrospective aesthetic analysis of 100 consecutive primary open approach rhinoplasties performed by the same single surgeon. The author performs all of these procedures without the use of a...

Gross Negligence Manslaughter in Healthcare: The medico-legal dilemma (part 23) - Snoring

We all know what snoring is, but do we understand what snoring means?

Postoperative follow-up of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a new protocol

Oral and oropharyngeal cancers together are the sixth most common malignancy in the world, with an increasing incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The recurrence rate of OSCC is reported to be approximately 10-26%. About two-thirds of all recurrent...

We need to talk about amputation – a difficult conversation in the developing world

What do you do when a patient refuses amputation? The author shares various cases and outlines her team’s approach to this scenario in Gaza. What to do when a patient refuses amputation for a severely damaged lower limb that will...

The use of neuromodulators in the management of TMJ disorders

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articulates the mandible to the base of the skull. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are a group of musculoskeletal syndromes affecting the TMJ and the supporting musculature. The muscles, bony articular surfaces and disc may all be...

How I Do It - A guide to anterior neck lift aesthetic surgery

The difficult neck, particularly an obtuse cervico-mental angle, and the fatty neck are areas that have been concerning plastic surgeons for decades. This article will be chiefly limited to the anterior neck. The neck cannot be improved by anterior neck...