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A short overview of the evolution of botulinum toxin type A formulations
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum [1]. BoNT-A has been used for various therapeutic and aesthetic purposes, including the treatment of muscle disorders, chronic pain and facial wrinkles [2-4]. Over the...Malignant melanoma, stress and cosmetic surgery
The epidemiology of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) continues to evolve [1]. Whilst there has been a small but steady increase in incidence of the tumour there has been a significant decrease in lethality. There are several reasons for this; public...
Facial nerve injuries in fixing mandibular condylar fractures
The commonest fracture of the mandible is reported in the region of the condyle. Untreated this can lead to shortening of the ramus, facial asymmetry, arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint, impaired mastication and speech. The standard treatment is open reduction...Exosomes: everything you always wanted to know and questions to ask your exosome provider
This article has been verified for CPD. Click the button below to answer a few short questions and download a form to be included in your CPD folder. What are exosomes? Exosomes are just one subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs),...In conversation with Thierry Besins
We were delighted to catch up with Thierry Besins, esteemed Plastic Surgeon and Scientific Director of AMWC. Can you tell us a little bit about what led you into the field of aesthetic plastic surgery and what have been the...Off-label cosmetic use of botulinum toxin in the lower face
Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) is commonly used as an off-label cosmetic modality to improve the ageing lower face and neck, and may be used as a single line treatment or in combination with other procedures, such as dermal fillers [1]....
