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A short overview of the evolution of botulinum toxin type A formulations
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum [1]. BoNT-A has been used for various therapeutic and aesthetic purposes, including the treatment of muscle disorders, chronic pain and facial wrinkles [2-4]. Over the...Plastic surgery and aesthetic medicine: specialties and specialists
Dr Nikolaos Metatoxos has written an excellent article ‘How to establish a successful practice in aesthetic medicine’, which looks at the business of aesthetic medicine and underlines some very important ethical issues. When comparing hospital doctors and aesthetic medicine practitioners...How I Do It - High-energy acne scar treatment with a fractional Q-switched Nd:YAG laser
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases, affecting one out of two people in their lifetimes. About 80% of people between the ages of 11 and 30 suffer from acne, of which many will further experience some...Natural lifting effect and skin rejuvenation with biphasic medical peeling combined with microneedling
Skin ageing affects the supporting structures of the skin along with the epidermal tissue. Collagen development slows down, and the ability to bind water decreases, the skin becomes thinner and more sensitive. Microcirculation, oxygen supply, fat content and hydration are...Lip lift with bull-horn flap for lip and nasal reconstruction
This 54-year-old female patient had a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) excised from the junction of her right upper lip and nasal sill, with the BCC extending onto the lower rim of her right nasal alar (Figure 1). The patient wanted...Recent developments in facelift surgery
Early facelifting procedures were documented in the 1900s, where skin undermining with excess skin excision along the hairline was performed. The 1970s witnessed a major change with an upsurge in public interest in facelift surgery, which led to innovative changes...Gross Negligence Manslaughter in Healthcare: The medico-legal dilemma (part 23) - Snoring
We all know what snoring is, but do we understand what snoring means?
Non-surgical vs. surgical labiaplasty
The author suggests that unfavourable post-surgical complications and patient satisfaction are outcomes which are often unmet following more invasive procedures, demonstrated by an increase in demand into non-surgical procedures to correct labial hypertrophy, which is inconsistently defined by a limited...
Semi dynamic reconstruction of the lower lip
The main goal of reconstructive surgery for facial paralysis is the restoration of smiling and function of eye closure. The deformity of the lower lip in paralysis is ptosis of the corner of the mouth, eversion of the vermillion and...
Traumatic split earlobe repair using double triangular skin flaps
Split earlobes are a common secondary deformity of the ear. Numerous techniques have been described to repair a traumatic split earlobe and break the linear scar. However, most of the techniques require elevation of additional flaps from normal surrounding tissue...
Oncological and functional outcomes of transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal cancer
Due to the fact that conventional surgery is technically demanding and involves significant morbidity, transoral procedures are becoming increasingly popular. In this prospective study the authors analysed the oncological and functional results of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) to find out...
