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Although facial paralysis is not uncommon, the number of patients who require free muscle transfer is much smaller. Besides that, the diversity of surgical and non-surgical interventions, the multitude of methods for perioperative assessment, and outcome measurements likewise lead to...A short overview of the evolution of botulinum toxin type A formulations
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum [1]. BoNT-A has been used for various therapeutic and aesthetic purposes, including the treatment of muscle disorders, chronic pain and facial wrinkles [2-4]. Over the...Letter from Hong Kong (3 November 2020)
It is seven months since I wrote the first ‘Letter from Hong Kong’. The message then was simple: “Fear is okay, panic is not and wear masks”. It is one month since I wrote the last letter and that message? “Life goes on and will go on no matter what.”Scottish Government intends to introduce a Non-surgical Cosmetic Procedures Bill in 2026
As part of its Year Five Legislative Programme, the Scottish Government has outlined its intention to introduce a ‘Non-surgical Cosmetic Procedures Bill’ during the current session of the Scottish Parliament. This proposal was detailed in the Programme for Government 2025–26:...
Oral photoprotection
The author presents an insightful review of the benefits of systemic photoprotection through orally ingested nutrients, advocating a need for a greater level of protection against free-radicals. Vitamin C is discussed in relation to its role in immune function, collagen...
Prophylactic postoperative antibiotics for enucleation or evisceration
The authors report on a retrospective, multicentre, comparative case series looking at prophylactic antibiotics and the incidence of orbital cellulitis following enucleation or evisceration. Of the 644 cases included in the analysis, all received a single perioperative intravenous dose of...Anatomy of the ageing lip
With lip augmentation an ever popular option for those seeking more youthful looks it is vital that practitioners have a proper understanding of anatomy. In the first of our two-part special focus (see here for Part 2) on lips Dr...
