The author discusses practical guidance for treating the lower face with botulinum toxin. Whilst Abobotulinumtoxin A and Onabotulinumtoxin A are discussed in relation to treating the lower face, Incobotulinum toxin A is not acknowledged, despite the available literature on the...
Seventeen patients with unilateral facial palsy for more than a year were treated with botulinum toxin injections to relieve symptoms of facial synkinesis or hyperkinetic movements. Three injections were given at six to eight month intervals, followed by daily half...
Dermal fillers and botulinum toxin are being increasingly used to treat facial deformities but are patients satisfied with the results? Facial deformity can result in low confidence and self-esteem amongst patients due to cosmetic and functional difficulties [1]. There is...
Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) is commonly used as an off-label cosmetic modality to improve the ageing lower face and neck, and may be used as a single line treatment or in combination with other procedures, such as dermal fillers [1]....
Combination treatment with botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid is the standard regimen in facial rejuvenation. However, in rejuvenating the ageing neck a multimodal approach is essential because many factors contribute to the ageing of the neck. In particular there are...
BoNT is becoming a recognised efficient treatment for depression, endorsed by several disciplines including psychiatry. Clare Amrani examines the potential mechanism of action and explores the appropriate place of BoNT in the therapeutic armamentarium for depression. How did BoNT become...
The recent Times investigation and subsequent reported investigation by the MHRA on the use of unlicensed botulinum toxin in the UK is something that is sorely needed in a sector that is unregulated.
Croma’s botulinum toxin submission in Europe is based on the data of 3 completed randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trials that enrolled a total of >1000 subjects in Europe and the US.